Soybean is a globally important crop requiring fifteen essential nutrients—six macronutrients and nine micronutrients. Effective nutrient management ensures balanced supply, reducing biotic and abiotic stresses. This review discusses roles, functions, and deficiency symptoms of each nutrient, emphasizing nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, boron, and sulfur as key yield determinants. The paper highlights the interaction between nutrients, uptake efficiency, and soil chemistry, recommending balanced fertilization strategies to enhance soybean productivity and quality sustainably.